The Benefits of Puppy Love

Pet ownership confers a sense of belonging and acceptance. Many studies have hypothesized that owning and caring for a pet has qualitative psychological and physical benefits, but recent studies are quantifying these advantages. Pet owners have long reported better overall well-being compared to peers without pets, including greater self-esteem, greater conscientiousness, less stress, less negativity, and less fear. They routinely report more exercise and physical activity, which itself is positively correlated to improved psychological and physical health. Additionally, pets often complement, rather than compete, with other forms of social support.

An recent study reports that pet ownership may have quantifiable cardiovascular benefits. Evidence suggests that pet ownership, specifically dog ownership, leads to lower blood pressure and lower cholesterol. Dog owners also have improved survival following a heart attack. The authors hypothesize that the link is due to the improved emotional state of pet owners, which leads to decreased autonomic activity and improved endothelial function, which, in turn, causes improved coagulation, immune function, and electrolyte balance, and related cardiovascular parameters. Collectively, these benefits lead to less cardiovascular dysfunction and disease.

In a related study, not owning a pet was a significant predictor of mortality in heart attack survivors. The link between not owning a pet and depression was significant, indicating that pet ownership improves survival by preventing depression, anxiety, and a lack of social support that contributes to post-heart attack deaths.

Luckily, this research does not apply only to adult pet owners. New research shows positive health benefits for adolescents who have a pet in their lives. Specifically, adolescents are more likely to engage in physical activity if their family has a dog. Improved physical activity for children and adolescents has innumerable psychological and physical benefits.

October is World Animal Month. Celebrate by thanking your pet for all he does for you. The long walks, the wet noses, the tennis-ball chasing, the purrs, and the fur on all your clothes and furniture are all making you happier and healthier.

References

Arhant-Sudhir K, Arhant-Sudhir R, & Sudhir K (2011). Pet ownership and cardiovascular risk reduction: Supporting evidence, conflicting data, and underlying mechanisms. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology PMID: 21824172

Friedmann E, Thomas SA, & Son H (2011). Pets, depression and long term survival in community living patients following myocardial infarction. Anthrozoos, 24 (3), 273-285 PMID: 21857770

McConnell AR, Brown CM, Shoda TM, Stayton LE, & Martin CE (2011). Friends with benefits: On the positive consequences of pet ownership. Journal of personality and social psychology PMID: 21728449

Reeves MJ, Rafferty AP, Miller CE, & Lyon-Callo SK (2011). The impact of dog walking on leisure-time physical activity: results from a population-based survey of Michigan adults. Journal of physical activity & health, 8 (3), 436-44 PMID: 21487144

Sirard JR, Patnode CD, Hearst MO, & Laska MN (2011). Dog ownership and adolescent physical activity. American journal of preventive medicine, 40 (3), 334-7 PMID: 21335266

Image via AnetaPics / Shutterstock.

Is Giftedness Nothing More than Good Genes?

Most people want to believe that if they work hard, and practice, practice, practice, they can be the next great musician, artist, sports star, math genius, or whatever other fill-in-the-blank talented person they aspire to be. A new article discounts that egalitarian view of success and claims that hard work alone may not lead to greatness.

In the latest installment of the nature-versus-nurture discussion, psychologists claim that practice only accounts for half the success of great performance. Certain tasks and abilities, however, are defined by genetics, they posit. You either have gifted genes, or you don’t. And, if you don’t, practice can only take you so far.

For the study, published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, researchers evaluated 57 piano players with varying levels of experience — from virtual beginners to virtuosos. Each pianist was asked to sight-read of piece of music he or she had never seen before. Scoring a point for the

Economic Burden of Poor Mental Health

In today’s economy, workers across all sectors are seeking steady, gainful employment. Likewise, employers are seeking productive, consistent workers. For individuals with mental illness, this may be an impossible job description to fill. A recent report published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) claims that common mental health conditions lead to decreased workplace productivity and substantial economic losses.

The OECD is an organization of approximately three dozen developed nations that seeks to improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. The OECD recommends policies and business practices to address long-term challenges in worldwide productivity, innovation, and economic growth. In its latest report, the OECD addresses the substantial economic burden of mental illness around the world. According to data compiled from multiple sources, the OECD reports that, at any point in time, 20% of the population suffers from a mental illness and these conditions negatively affect workplace productivity. Primarily, people with mental illness are more likely than healthier coworkers to be absent from work, and each absence is longer for those with mental illness. Additionally, even when workers with mental illness are present at work, they struggle to be highly productive.

The total monetary cost associated with mental health is hundreds of billions of dollars annually in developed countries. Yet, most of these dollars are not spent in the health care sector. Most of the costs are incurred through a lost labor supply, high unemployment rates, frequent sick days, and lost productivity at work.  In the European Union (EU), the total cost of mental health is estimated to be 800 billion euros annually, which accounts for 3% to 4% of the gross domestic product of the EU. In Canada, the monetary cost of decreased productivity associated with poor mental health is more than $15 billion, one-third of the total cost associated with mental illness.

The overall employment rate for people with mental illness is 10% to 15% lower than people without mental illness; people with mental illness are two to three times more likely to be unemployed. In the United States alone, workers with mental health disorders are 50% more likely to experience involuntary job loss and 30% more likely to leave a job voluntarily than healthier counterparts.

Women, young adults, and individuals with low levels of education are the most likely to experience mental illness. Most mental health disorders are mild to moderate, with depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders being the most common conditions. However, many mental health conditions coexist with physical comorbidities, which also negatively affect productivity.

The occurrence of mental illness among young adults is particularly worrisome, according to the OECD report, since young adults are at increased risk for leaving the job market completely or never entering it at all. In OECD member nations, mental illness accounts for one-third to one-half of new disability claims for workers. Among young adults, the proportion is 70%.

Luckily, research also indicates that individuals with mental illness who receive treatment can increase productivity and performance in the workplace. However, more than half of the people who suffer from mental illness receive no treatment — a social and policy-based struggle around the world that has already gained attention in recent years.

Many factors influence how mental health affects workplace performance, including psychological demands of the job itself, job security (or insecurity), and family and social support. According to the OECD, interventions to improve the economic burden of mental health should focus on improved working conditions and support for non-work-related stress. Additionally, the OECD recommends an atmosphere of mental health prevention, rather than reacting to acute episodes of poor mental health. Prevention and early identification of mental illness will improve the chances of young adults entering the workforce and maintaining long-term employment.

The misconceptions and stigma associated with mental illness at work prevent sufferers from disclosing their condition and receiving proper treatment. Particularly in the current economy, workers are even less likely to reveal anything that would make them appear to be a less-than-ideal employee. But, also in this economy, employers would be wise to take care of their employees and ensure productivity and quality job performance by keeping workers secure, happy and (mentally) healthy.

References

Czaba?a C, Charzy?ska K, & Mroziak B (2011). Psychosocial interventions in workplace mental health promotion: an overview. Health promotion international, 26 Suppl 1 PMID: 22079937

Dewa CS, & Lin E (2000). Chronic physical illness, psychiatric disorder and disability in the workplace. Social science & medicine (1982), 51 (1), 41-50 PMID: 10817467

Dewa CS, Thompson AH, & Jacobs P (2011). The association of treatment of depressive episodes and work productivity. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 56 (12), 743-50 PMID: 22152643

Marchand A, & Blanc MÈ (2011). Occupation, work organisation conditions and the development of chronic psychological distress. Work (Reading, Mass.), 40 (4), 425-35 PMID: 22130060

OECD. Sick on the job? Myths and realities about mental health at work. 2011.

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